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Department of Defense redirects here. For the defense departments in governments of other countries, see defence ministry. {{Infobox Govt Agency | agency_name = United States
Department of Defense | type = Department | abbreviation = DoD | nativename = | nativename_a = | nativename_r = | logo = | logo_width = | logo_caption = | seal = United States Department of Defense Seal.svg | seal_width = 140px | seal_caption = Seal of the United States Department of Defense | formed = July 26, [
(By the National Security Act of 1947) | date1 = September 18, [ | date1_name = Activated | date2 = August 10, [ | date2_name = Renamed | preceding2 =

| dissolved = | superseding = | jurisdiction = | headquarters = [The Pentagon | employees = 700,000 civilian
2,300,000 military (2004) | budget = $439.3 billion http://www.gpoaccess.gov/usbudget/fy07/pdf/budget/defense.pdf (2007 est.)

| chief1_name = [Robert Gates | chief1_position = [United States Secretary of Defense | chief2_name = [Gordon R. England | chief2_position = [United States Deputy Secretary of Defense

| website = http://www.dod.gov www.dod.gov | footnotes = -->

The United States Department of Defense (DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government relating directly to national security and the Military of the United States. The organization and functions of the DOD are set forth in Title 10 of the United States Code of the United States Code.

The DOD is the major tenant of The Pentagon, and has three major components — the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, and the Department of the Air Force. Among the many DOD agencies are the Missile Defense Agency, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the Pentagon Force Protection Agency (PFPA), the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), and the National Security Agency (NSA). The department also operates several joint service schools, including the National War College.

History During 1945, specific plans for the proposed DoD were put forth by the Army, the Navy, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In a special message to Congress on December 19, 1945, President Harry Truman proposed creation of a unified Department of National Defense. A proposal went to Congress in April 1946, but was held up by the Naval Affairs Committee hearings in July 1946, which raised objections to the concentration of power in a single department. Truman eventually sent new legislation to Congress in February 1947, where it was debated and amended for several months.

DoD was created in 1947 as a national military establishment with a single secretary as its head to preside over the former United States Department of War (founded in 1789) and United States Department of the Navy (founded in 1798; formerly the Board of Admiralty, founded in 1780). The Department of the Air Force was also created as a new service at the same time (it had been part of the War Department as the United States Army Air Force), and made part of DoD. DoD was created in order to reduce interservice rivalry which was believed to have reduced military effectiveness during World War II.

On July 26, 1947, Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947, which set up the National Military Establishment to begin operations on September 18, 1947, the day after the United States Senate confirmed James V. Forrestal as the first Secretary of Defense. The Establishment had the unfortunate abbreviation "NME" (the obvious pronunciation being "enemy"), and was renamed the "Department of Defense" (abbreviated as DOD or DoD) on August 10, 1949; in addition, the Secretary of Defense was given greater authority over three of the branches of the military (United States Army, United States Navy, and Air Force). Prior to the creation of the National Military Establishment / Department of Defense, the Armed Forces of the United States were separated into different cabinet-level departments without much central authority. The Marine Corps remained as a separate service under the Department of the Navy, and the United States Coast Guard remained in the United States Department of the Treasury, ready to be shifted to the Navy Department during time of declared war (as it was in both world wars).

Organization is the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense.

The Pentagon, in Arlington County, Virginia, Virginia across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C., is the headquarters of the Department of Defense. The Department of Defense is protected by the Pentagon Force Protection Agency which ensures law enforcement and security for The Pentagon and various other jurisdictions throughout the National Capital Region (NCR). The Department includes the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, as well as non-combat agencies such as the National Security Agency and the Defense Intelligence Agency. The DoD's annual budget was roughly . This figure does not include tens of billions more in supplemental expenditures allotted by Congress throughout the year, particularly for the Iraq War. It also does not include expenditures by the United States Department of Energy on nuclear weapons design and testing.

In wartime, the Department of Defense has authority over the Coast Guard; in peacetime, that agency is under the control of the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Prior to the creation of DHS, the Coast Guard was under the control of the United States Department of Transportation and earlier under the Department of the Treasury. According to the U.S. Code, the Coast Guard is at all times considered one of the five armed services of the United States. During times of declared war (or by Congressional direction), the Coast Guard operates as a part of the Navy; the service has not been under the auspices of Navy since World War II, but members have served in the undeclared wars and conflicts since then while the service remained in its peacetime department.

Command Structure The command structure of the Department of Defense is defined by the Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986. Under the act, the chain of command runs from the President of the United States, through the Secretary of Defense, to the Unified Combatant Command (COCOM) who command all military forces within their area of responsibility. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the service Joint Chiefs of Staff are responsible for readiness of the U.S. military and serve as the President's military advisers, but are not in the chain of command. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is by law the highest ranking military officer in the United States.

Components

United States Secretary of Defense





{||Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ([United States Navy)|-|Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ([United States Marine Corps)|-|Chief of Staff of the United States Army ([United States Army)|-|Commandant of the Marine Corps ([United States Marine Corps)|-|Chief of Naval Operations ([United States Navy)|-|Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force ([United States Air Force)|}The United States Naval Observatory falls under the Chief of Naval Operations.In 2003, the National Communications System was moved to the Department of Homeland Security, but only for executive purposes. The National Communications System still centralizes its activities within the Department of Defense, since the human resources required by NCS (example: Military Departments) still reside within the Department of Defense, or for retention of practical maintenance.

Unified Combatant Commands There are nine, soon to be ten Unified Combatant Commands; five (soon to be six) regional and four functional. United States Africa Command will become initially operational in October 2007.

{] (NORTHCOM)||General Victor E. Renuart Jr. (United States Air Force) (also Chief of NORAD)], Coloradon [homeland defense and coordinating homeland security with civilian forces.] (CENTCOM),||Admiral William J. Fallon (United States Navy)||MacDill Air Force Base, Florida through the [Persian Gulf region, into Central Asia; handing over responsibility of Horn of Africa to United States Africa Command.|-|United States European Command (EUCOM)] (United States Army) (also Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR))] (Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe), Belgium (USEUCOM HQ in Stuttgart, Germany)] and Israel; handing over responsibility of Africa to United States Africa Command.|-|United States Pacific Command (PACOM)] (United States Navy)||Camp H. M. Smith, Oahu, Hawaii-[Pacific Ocean region including Hawaii.|-|United States Southern Command (SOUTHCOM)] (United States Navy)||Miami, Florida, [Central America and the surrounding waters] (AFRICOM)||General William E. Ward (United States Army)||Stuttgart, Germany for now; to be relocated to African continent] excluding Egypt|-|United States Special Operations Command (SOCOM)||Admiral Eric T. Olson (United States Navy)||MacDill Air Force Base, Florida (JFCOM)||General [Lance L. Smith (United States Air Force) (also Supreme Allied Commander Transformation (SACT))], Virginia (STRATCOM)||General [Kevin P. Chilton (United States Air Force)||Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska (TRANSCOM)||General [Norton A. Schwartz (United States Air Force)||Scott Air Force Base, Illinois, [USCENTCOM and USPACOM. (Click to see enlarged image.)Beginning in 2007, a new United States Africa Command was authorized. This proposed significant changes to the areas of responsibility for other adjacent geographical commands as shown in the accompanying graphic.

Expenditures

The military expenditure of the United States Department of Defense for fiscal year 2007 is:{], which comprises all of the U.S. government's money not accounted for by pre-existing obligations.

However, in terms of per capita spending, the U.S. ranks third behind Israel and Singapore. It is also number 27 in terms of military spending per dollar GDP.

According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, in 2003 the United States spent approximately 47% of the world's total military spending of US $956,000,000,000.

As a percentage of its GDP, the United States spends 3.7% on military, ranking it 26th in the world. This is higher by percent than France's 2.6%, and lower than Saudia Arabia's 10%. This 3.7% is low relative to the United States's past 60-some years.

Also, since it is an all-volunteer force and since most jobs within it require high degrees of technical skill and personnel retention, the United States armed forces have dramatically higher personnel costs, both military and civilian, compared to the militaries of countries which use conscription, many of which have far more List of countries by number of total troops than the United States. However, only China has more standing troops than the UnitedStates.

Current issues On February 22, 2002, the Department of Defense Office of the Inspector General has reported that DOD has not and will not account for $1.1 trillion of "undocumentable adjustments". In addition, there have been several high-profile Government Accountability Office (GAO) Government Accountability Office investigations of the Department of Defense.

The GAO is also interested in ways DOD can partner with other government agencies to save money and create efficiencies. One way was through use of the Veterans Administration's Consolidated Mail Outpatient Pharmacy (CMOP) program. The CMOP fills continuation of therapy or refill prescriptions only. Initial prescriptions are written for veterans at one of the Veteran Administration’s health care facilities. When a refill is needed, the heath care facilities process the prescriptions. The CMOP then uploads this information from multiple facilities in its region. Once filled, the United States Postal Service (USPS) delivers the prescriptions. The health care facility or clinic is notified of the prescription’s completion electronically. As of 2000, the annual workload was near 50 million prescriptions. Processing and filling prescriptions took two days; three more days were required for mail delivery.

The DOD and VA conducted a pilot program in FY 2003. In its 2005 report, GAO-05-555, the GAO found that the DOD could generate savings because CMOP's size allows it to negotiate volume discounts. The CMOP program is now serving the entire country from a number of locations including West Los Angeles, California; Bedford, Massachusetts; Dallas, Texas; Hines, Illinois, Charleston, South Carolina; Leavenworth, Kansas; and Murfreesboro, Tennessee.

Military Buildup To meet the growing demands in the Middle East and around the world, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates proposed to the President to increase the overall size of the military by approximately 92,000 troops over the course of five years. Specifically, the proposal calls for an Army troop cap of 550,000 active duty soldiers and a troop cap of 202,000 active duty Marines. The total active duty force of the United States after the buildup will be about 1,479,000.

See also

References

Related legislation

External links

Department of Defense redirects here. For the defense departments in governments of other countries, see defence ministry. {{Infobox Govt Agency | agency_name = United States
Department of Defense | type = Department | abbreviation = DoD | nativename = | nativename_a = | nativename_r = | logo = | logo_width = | logo_caption = | seal = United States Department of Defense Seal.svg | seal_width = 140px | seal_caption = Seal of the United States Department of Defense | formed = July 26, [
(By the National Security Act of 1947) | date1 = September 18, [ | date1_name = Activated | date2 = August 10, [ | date2_name = Renamed | preceding2 =

| dissolved = | superseding = | jurisdiction = | headquarters = [The Pentagon | employees = 700,000 civilian
2,300,000 military (2004) | budget = $439.3 billion http://www.gpoaccess.gov/usbudget/fy07/pdf/budget/defense.pdf (2007 est.)

| chief1_name = [Robert Gates | chief1_position = [United States Secretary of Defense | chief2_name = [Gordon R. England | chief2_position = [United States Deputy Secretary of Defense

| website = http://www.dod.gov www.dod.gov | footnotes = -->

The United States Department of Defense (DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government relating directly to national security and the Military of the United States. The organization and functions of the DOD are set forth in Title 10 of the United States Code of the United States Code.

The DOD is the major tenant of The Pentagon, and has three major components — the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, and the Department of the Air Force. Among the many DOD agencies are the Missile Defense Agency, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the Pentagon Force Protection Agency (PFPA), the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), and the National Security Agency (NSA). The department also operates several joint service schools, including the National War College.

History During 1945, specific plans for the proposed DoD were put forth by the Army, the Navy, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In a special message to Congress on December 19, 1945, President Harry Truman proposed creation of a unified Department of National Defense. A proposal went to Congress in April 1946, but was held up by the Naval Affairs Committee hearings in July 1946, which raised objections to the concentration of power in a single department. Truman eventually sent new legislation to Congress in February 1947, where it was debated and amended for several months.

DoD was created in 1947 as a national military establishment with a single secretary as its head to preside over the former United States Department of War (founded in 1789) and United States Department of the Navy (founded in 1798; formerly the Board of Admiralty, founded in 1780). The Department of the Air Force was also created as a new service at the same time (it had been part of the War Department as the United States Army Air Force), and made part of DoD. DoD was created in order to reduce interservice rivalry which was believed to have reduced military effectiveness during World War II.

On July 26, 1947, Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947, which set up the National Military Establishment to begin operations on September 18, 1947, the day after the United States Senate confirmed James V. Forrestal as the first Secretary of Defense. The Establishment had the unfortunate abbreviation "NME" (the obvious pronunciation being "enemy"), and was renamed the "Department of Defense" (abbreviated as DOD or DoD) on August 10, 1949; in addition, the Secretary of Defense was given greater authority over three of the branches of the military (United States Army, United States Navy, and Air Force). Prior to the creation of the National Military Establishment / Department of Defense, the Armed Forces of the United States were separated into different cabinet-level departments without much central authority. The Marine Corps remained as a separate service under the Department of the Navy, and the United States Coast Guard remained in the United States Department of the Treasury, ready to be shifted to the Navy Department during time of declared war (as it was in both world wars).

Organization is the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense.

The Pentagon, in Arlington County, Virginia, Virginia across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C., is the headquarters of the Department of Defense. The Department of Defense is protected by the Pentagon Force Protection Agency which ensures law enforcement and security for The Pentagon and various other jurisdictions throughout the National Capital Region (NCR). The Department includes the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, as well as non-combat agencies such as the National Security Agency and the Defense Intelligence Agency. The DoD's annual budget was roughly . This figure does not include tens of billions more in supplemental expenditures allotted by Congress throughout the year, particularly for the Iraq War. It also does not include expenditures by the United States Department of Energy on nuclear weapons design and testing.

In wartime, the Department of Defense has authority over the Coast Guard; in peacetime, that agency is under the control of the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Prior to the creation of DHS, the Coast Guard was under the control of the United States Department of Transportation and earlier under the Department of the Treasury. According to the U.S. Code, the Coast Guard is at all times considered one of the five armed services of the United States. During times of declared war (or by Congressional direction), the Coast Guard operates as a part of the Navy; the service has not been under the auspices of Navy since World War II, but members have served in the undeclared wars and conflicts since then while the service remained in its peacetime department.

Command Structure The command structure of the Department of Defense is defined by the Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986. Under the act, the chain of command runs from the President of the United States, through the Secretary of Defense, to the Unified Combatant Command (COCOM) who command all military forces within their area of responsibility. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the service Joint Chiefs of Staff are responsible for readiness of the U.S. military and serve as the President's military advisers, but are not in the chain of command. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is by law the highest ranking military officer in the United States.

Components

United States Secretary of Defense





{||Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ([United States Navy)|-|Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ([United States Marine Corps)|-|Chief of Staff of the United States Army ([United States Army)|-|Commandant of the Marine Corps ([United States Marine Corps)|-|Chief of Naval Operations ([United States Navy)|-|Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force ([United States Air Force)|}The United States Naval Observatory falls under the Chief of Naval Operations.In 2003, the National Communications System was moved to the Department of Homeland Security, but only for executive purposes. The National Communications System still centralizes its activities within the Department of Defense, since the human resources required by NCS (example: Military Departments) still reside within the Department of Defense, or for retention of practical maintenance.

Unified Combatant Commands There are nine, soon to be ten Unified Combatant Commands; five (soon to be six) regional and four functional. United States Africa Command will become initially operational in October 2007.

{] (NORTHCOM)||General Victor E. Renuart Jr. (United States Air Force) (also Chief of NORAD)], Coloradon [homeland defense and coordinating homeland security with civilian forces.] (CENTCOM),||Admiral William J. Fallon (United States Navy)||MacDill Air Force Base, Florida through the [Persian Gulf region, into Central Asia; handing over responsibility of Horn of Africa to United States Africa Command.|-|United States European Command (EUCOM)] (United States Army) (also Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR))] (Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe), Belgium (USEUCOM HQ in Stuttgart, Germany)] and Israel; handing over responsibility of Africa to United States Africa Command.|-|United States Pacific Command (PACOM)] (United States Navy)||Camp H. M. Smith, Oahu, Hawaii-[Pacific Ocean region including Hawaii.|-|United States Southern Command (SOUTHCOM)] (United States Navy)||Miami, Florida, [Central America and the surrounding waters] (AFRICOM)||General William E. Ward (United States Army)||Stuttgart, Germany for now; to be relocated to African continent] excluding Egypt|-|United States Special Operations Command (SOCOM)||Admiral Eric T. Olson (United States Navy)||MacDill Air Force Base, Florida (JFCOM)||General [Lance L. Smith (United States Air Force) (also Supreme Allied Commander Transformation (SACT))], Virginia (STRATCOM)||General [Kevin P. Chilton (United States Air Force)||Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska (TRANSCOM)||General [Norton A. Schwartz (United States Air Force)||Scott Air Force Base, Illinois, [USCENTCOM and USPACOM. (Click to see enlarged image.)Beginning in 2007, a new United States Africa Command was authorized. This proposed significant changes to the areas of responsibility for other adjacent geographical commands as shown in the accompanying graphic.

Expenditures

The military expenditure of the United States Department of Defense for fiscal year 2007 is:{], which comprises all of the U.S. government's money not accounted for by pre-existing obligations.

However, in terms of per capita spending, the U.S. ranks third behind Israel and Singapore. It is also number 27 in terms of military spending per dollar GDP.

According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, in 2003 the United States spent approximately 47% of the world's total military spending of US $956,000,000,000.

As a percentage of its GDP, the United States spends 3.7% on military, ranking it 26th in the world. This is higher by percent than France's 2.6%, and lower than Saudia Arabia's 10%. This 3.7% is low relative to the United States's past 60-some years.

Also, since it is an all-volunteer force and since most jobs within it require high degrees of technical skill and personnel retention, the United States armed forces have dramatically higher personnel costs, both military and civilian, compared to the militaries of countries which use conscription, many of which have far more List of countries by number of total troops than the United States. However, only China has more standing troops than the UnitedStates.

Current issues On February 22, 2002, the Department of Defense Office of the Inspector General has reported that DOD has not and will not account for $1.1 trillion of "undocumentable adjustments". In addition, there have been several high-profile Government Accountability Office (GAO) Government Accountability Office investigations of the Department of Defense.

The GAO is also interested in ways DOD can partner with other government agencies to save money and create efficiencies. One way was through use of the Veterans Administration's Consolidated Mail Outpatient Pharmacy (CMOP) program. The CMOP fills continuation of therapy or refill prescriptions only. Initial prescriptions are written for veterans at one of the Veteran Administration’s health care facilities. When a refill is needed, the heath care facilities process the prescriptions. The CMOP then uploads this information from multiple facilities in its region. Once filled, the United States Postal Service (USPS) delivers the prescriptions. The health care facility or clinic is notified of the prescription’s completion electronically. As of 2000, the annual workload was near 50 million prescriptions. Processing and filling prescriptions took two days; three more days were required for mail delivery.

The DOD and VA conducted a pilot program in FY 2003. In its 2005 report, GAO-05-555, the GAO found that the DOD could generate savings because CMOP's size allows it to negotiate volume discounts. The CMOP program is now serving the entire country from a number of locations including West Los Angeles, California; Bedford, Massachusetts; Dallas, Texas; Hines, Illinois, Charleston, South Carolina; Leavenworth, Kansas; and Murfreesboro, Tennessee.

Military Buildup To meet the growing demands in the Middle East and around the world, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates proposed to the President to increase the overall size of the military by approximately 92,000 troops over the course of five years. Specifically, the proposal calls for an Army troop cap of 550,000 active duty soldiers and a troop cap of 202,000 active duty Marines. The total active duty force of the United States after the buildup will be about 1,479,000.

See also

References

Related legislation

External links



United States Department of Defense - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The United States Department of Defense (DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government relating ...

United States Department of Defense Office of Inspector General
Responsible for conducting, supervising, monitoring and initiating audits and investigations relating to the programs and operations of the DoD.

United States Department of Commerce - Wikipedia, the free ...
The United States Department of Commerce is the Cabinet department of the United States government ... Agriculture • Commerce • Defense • Education • Energy • Health and Human Services ...

Category:United States Department of Defense - Wikimedia Commons
Media in category "United States Department of Defense" The following 84 files are in this category, out of 84 total.

U.S. Department of Defense Official Website
... Gordon England praised the work and contributions provided by disabled Defense Department ... The United States continues to support NATO membership action plans for Ukraine and ...

DoDEA: The Department of Defense Education Activity
A civilian agency of the U.S. who oversees all oversea schools in military bases.

United States Department of Justice
... weapons training at camps in Afghanistan— be released into the United States. ... Former Department of Defense Contractor Pleads Guilty to Participating in Scheme to Steal $39 ...

United States Department of Defense - encyclopedia article ...
We are creating the world's most trusted encyclopedia and knowledge base. Once you join us and log in, you'll be able to edit this page instantly!

United States Department of Defense: Definition from Answers.com
Department of Defense Created in 1949, the Department of Defense was an outgrowth of the National Security Act of 1947, which had “unified” the armed

DoD 101 An Introductory Overview of the Department of Defense - U.S ...
DefenseLink.mil - The official website of the United States Department of Defense, U.S. Department of Defense, DoD, Defense, Defence, Military

 

United States Department Of Defense



 
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